Acknowledgements

We thank the captain and crews of the oceanographic research vessels that made measurements at sea and our many colleagues who conceived of, planned, and executed these programs. These include colleagues at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Oregon State University. We acknowledge the Ocean Observatories Initiative, a major facility fully funded by the US National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement No. 2244833, for the mooring data. Thanks also to the International Pacific Halibut Commission for data from 2021-2023. Funding for this work was supported by NOAA Grants NA18NOS4780169, NA21OAR4320203, and NA22NOS4780171.